

End points were hemodynamic and adverse effects of glucagon compared with saline. Glucagon/saline was administered from 0 minutes as a 2‐minute intravenous bolus or as a 30‐minute infusion (same total glucagon dose). On individual days, esmolol/saline was infused from −15 to 30 minutes.

In a randomized crossover study, 10 healthy men received combinations of esmolol (1.25 mg/kg bolus+0.75 mg/kg/min infusion), glucagon (50 µg/kg), and identical volumes of saline placebo on 5 separate days in random order (saline+saline esmolol+saline esmolol+glucagon bolus saline+glucagon infusion saline+glucagon bolus).

